THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF 

CITRUS CULTURE 

THE SAN DIMAS CITRUS NURSERIES 

SAN DIMAS, LOS ANGELES COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. U. S. A. 




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LEADER OF THE IJORLD 

THE leading commercial orange n) the 
'Cvorld is the Washington Na-vel. x^-hicli 
finds its greatest perfection under a 
California sun. Its supremacy covers superb 
eating qualities, possessing a delightful citrous, 
aromatic and sweet flavor, abundant juice 
and fine grain free from "rag"; seedless; 
good shape, 'with a highly colored peel of 
protective quality, smooth and closely knit, 
rendering it one of the best shipping oranges 
knoicn to commerce. In California it repre- 
sents fully seventy per cent of the total output 
of oranges, constituting the large commercial 
significance of our citrus industry. Our trees 
are the result of careful selection of buds 
taken from orchards producing only perfect 
fruit and yielding annually prolific, profitable 
crops of yelloiii, golden globes. This fruit is ■ 
pictured in all its California glory on the 
reverse side of this sheet. 



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RINCIPLESAND PRACTICES OF CITRUS 
CULTURE IN CALIFORNIA. A TREA 
TISE DESCRIBING METHODS FROM 
THE NURSERY. TREE TO THE FULL 
BEARING ORCHARD, INCLUDING THE 
HARVESTING AND PACKING, THAT HAVE MADE 
THE CITRUS INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA THE 
ADMIRATION OF POMOLOGISTS EVERYWHERE 




BASED ON TWENTY-FIVE YEARS EXPER 
lENCE WITH THE ORANGE AND LEMON 




IFTH EDITION. PUBLISHED YEARLY BY THE 
SAN DIMAS CITRUS NURSERIES. FOUNDED 
IN 1889 BY R. M. TEAGUE; INCORPORATED 
IN 1913. PAID UP CAPITAL STOCK $250,000.00 
R. M. TEAGUE, PRESIDENT AND MANAGER 
R. W. TEAGUE, SEC RETA RY - TRE ASU RE R 
SAN piMAS, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A. COPYRIGHTED 1914 

PRICE 25 CENTS 





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A composite spray of Citrus Fru 

Marsh Pomelo Eureka Lemoi 

Kumquat Ruby Blood 

Dancy Tangerine Valencia Late 

©CI.AaS9^65 



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NOV II 1914 



QUALITY CITRUS TREES 



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T NO time in the history of commercial citrus culture has 
the outlook been more auspicious, nor the extent of the in- 
dustry in California greater, than at the present time. In 
spite of the fact that the annual output of oranges and lemons has 
been a constantly increasing factor, there has also been a corre- 
sponding exploitation of new markets, which has maintained re- 
munerative prices and sustained values in orchard properties. This 
has also sustained a healthy demand for good nursery trees. In- 
deed, at no time in the history of the San Dimas Citrus Nurseries 
has there been a keener interest nor a higher appreciation on the 
part of intending citrus planters for Teague Quality Trees. Dur- 
ing the past few years our sales have been annually increasing, and 
at the same time cover a wide geographical area, extending all 
over this State, Old Mexico, South American States, Cuba, Porto 
Rico, the Hawaiian Islands, the Philippines, Australia, South 
Africa, China, Japan and India. This demonstrates that ours is 
not only the greatest fruit-producing section in the world, but 
that California-grown nursery stock and California-grown seeds 
and bulbs are commanding recognition wherever horticulture has 
a commercial existence. 

The contents of this book will be found reliable and to the 
point. We have been especially careful and conservative in our 
descriptions of varieties, aiming to be plain and concise. The 
numerous half-tones, showing orchards planted to our trees and 
those picturing methods of planting, cultivating, irrigating, har- 
vesting and packing, are direct from photographs, hence authentic. 
Of themselves, they form a splendid object lesson in the growth 
and care of a citrus orchard, and also show that our trees are 
properly grown in the nurseries to produce best results when sub- 
mitted to the test of orchard growth. 

In the way of land and improvements our facilities for grow- 
ing only quality trees are more extensive than ever, enabling us 
to not only supply the best orange, lemon and grapefruit trees 
in the world, but also to grow them in larger numbers than any 
other similar establishment. Our history for the past twenty-five 
years verifies this statement. The record of the past is the promise 
of the future — which will not only be maintained, but augmented 
and improved as time goes on. To plant Teague trees is to insure 
a good orchard, other things being equal. 

SAN DIMAS CITRUS NURSERIES. 




View of full bearing Washington Navel Teague tree. 



THE IMPORTANCE OF AN INDUSTRY 



1 



LASSICAL literature first mentions 
inge as early as 450 B. C. This, of c< 



the 



somewhat early for the embryo Cali- 
fornians of that date. In Hebrew it was called 
"Hadar," meaning "the beautiful." In Roman lit- 
erature it was known as Adam's apple, or Paradise 
apple. We find no reference to any orange known 
as the Roman navel, but in more modern times they 
have learned something about the Washington navel, 
because the San Dimas Citrus Nurseries have been 



purely experimental, along ornamental lines rather 
than for commercial purposes; the varieties were 
limited exclusively to seedlings, which were more 
or less a feature of all the early Mission gardens 
planted by the Spanish pioneers. For nearly 100 
years its development was almost stationary, scarcely 
enough fruit being produced for limited home con- 
sumption. Nor did the first influx of the Americans 
in the fifties and sixties stimulate citrus planting to 
any appreciable extent. A stray orchard here and 




bi \ear old planted to Teague trees, producing from 
seven held boxes per tree. 



sending good trees to the land of the Caesars. All 
of which goes to show that California horticulture 
is winning its spurs in all portions of the world. 

To' go a little farther along this same line, the 
books will tell you that the citrus fruits are native 
to India and China, but say very little as to varieties, 
methods of culture and marketing. It is said that 
the tree was introduced from its habitat to the 
warmer regions of the Mediterranean along about 
the twelfth century, and that it found its greatest 
exploitation in Spain and Italy. From the former 
it was undoubtedly introduced into America. Some 
350 years ago one Bernal Dian el Castillo is said 
to have planted a few orange trees in old Mexico, 
from whence it eventually found its way to Cali- 
fornia and Florida. Its early planting, however, was 



there in and about Los Angeles and the more thickly 
settled portions of the San Gabriel valley, a few 
trees at San Diego, with a scattering in the San 
Joaquin and Sacramento valleys, constituted the vis- 
ible orange planting of the country. It was not un- 
til the seventies that the orange and the lemon ex- 
cited sufficient interest to merit consideration as a 
business proposition. The results attained at about 
that time in Riverside, around Pasadena, in Orange 
county and other points were so alluring as to at- 
tract people and capital from all sections to its im- 
portance. Indeed, it developed so rapidly and gave 
such splendid returns to the growers that we now 
surpass in production any other section of the world 
favorable to its growth. Citrus history in our own 
times merits a paragraph to itself. 



Principles and Practices of Citrus Culture 



In 1883 there were shipped out of Southern Cali- 
fornia 150 carloads; in 1886 the volume of produc- 
tion had increased to 1,000 carloads; in 1890-91 
Los Angeles County (at that time including Orange 
County) had to its credit 2,212 cars, and San Ber- 
nardino Countv (then including what is now River- 
side County) shipped out 1,708 cars; in 1898-99 the 
total shipment in Southern California aggregated 
15,000 carloads, valued at about $12,000,000. In 
1906-07 the output was about 25,000 carloads, 
valued at $19,000,000. It is interesting in this con- 
nection to note the annual shipments covering the 
periods from 1891-92 down to the present time from 
Southern California: 

Lemons Oranges Total 
Cars Cars Cars 

1891- 2 4,016 

1892- 3 4,400 

1893- 4 5,871 

1894- 5 5,022 

1895- 6 7,575 

1896- 7 7,350 

1897- 9 1,166 13,987 15,153 

1898- 9 903 9,448 10,351 

1899-00 1,447 16,362 17,809 

1900-01 2,924 21,173 24,097 

1901-02 2,816 17,571 20,387 

1902-03 2,649 19,776 22,425 

1903-04 2,782 25,117 27,899 

1904-05 4,274 25,608 29,882 

1905-06 3,7S9 22,175 25,964 

1906-07 3,507 23,986 27,493 

1907-08 4,959 24,538 29,497 

1908-09 6,196 31,895 39,091 

1909-10 4,777 25,316 30,093 

1910-11 6,764 36,821 43,585 

1911-12 5,961 30,327 36,288 

1912-13 2,192 13,574 15,706 

1913-14 2,696 38,923 41,619 

Shipments from points north of the Tehaciiapi 
were as follows: 

Total Cars 

1902-03 1,304 

1903-04 1,567 

1904-05 1,734 

1905-06 1,5(.4 

1906-07 2,333 

1907-08 3,1511 

1908-09 2,5111 

1909-10 2,55^ 

1910-11 2,S14 

1911-12 4,39J 

1912-13 2,565 

1913-14 6,305 

The increase of acreage from year to year during 
this period is problematical. The area planted was, 
of course, necessarily large — much larger than the 
volume of fruit actually shipped would indicate, 
because numbers of orchards were planted in situ- 
ations unsuitable, either by reason of soil or climate ; 
others were planted and neglected and allowed to 
lapse; while still others went to ruin through im- 
proper methods of cultivation and management. In 
a broad sense, however, the output at present rep- 
resents something like sixty-eight or sixty-nine thou- 
sand acres in bearing trees, valued, approximately 
at $200,000,000, the annual output of which, taking 



the State as a whole, must be in the neighborhood 
of something like $20,000,000. It would be interest- 
ing to note the acreage of recent planting about to 
come into bearing; which is, however, a phase of 
the subject hard to solve along intelligent lines. 
There has been a strong and healthy planting going 
on for the past few years in the thermal belt of the 
San Joaquin valley. It is estimated that there are 




Original Washington Navel tree in Riverside. 

in that belt at the present writing about five thousand 
acres in bearing, and fully seven to eight thousand 
acres in various stages of development under full 
bearing age. 

Having said something of the total output and its 
bearing on the industry, it may not be amiss to refer 
somewhat briefly to the cost of production. The 
cost of bringing an orchard into bearing is, indeed, 
an elastic question, depending almost entirely upon 
local conditions of soil, climate, water, the lay of the 
land, whether the owner and his family are to do 
the work or it is to be accomplished by hired labor, 
besides many minor points which render accurate 



S/ui Dinias Citrus Nurseries, San Dinias, Cal. 



estimates almost impossible. Basing figures on our 
experience in our home neighborhood, we should say 
that the cost of preparing and grading the land and 
planting the trees will average from $15 to $25 to 
the acre, which includes cultivation for the first sea- 
son. After that, the cost will be according to the 



It is an aphorism in California that if a person 
is about to engage in horticulture, the first essential 
requirement will be water. Having secured it, it 
will then be time enough to look for land to put it 
on. To no industry does this apply so forcibly as 
to the growing of the orange and the lemon. Hence, 







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Eureka lemon orchard planted to Teagi; 



producing $8.50 per tree gross for 



amount of labor expended, from $15 to $25 per 
acre, up to the fourth year, at which time it should 
produce about one box of fruit to the tree, and in- 
crease from that time on, according to the amount 
of labor and care expended on the orchard. The 
amount of irrigating water is usually about one inch 
to ten acres for the first two seasons, one and one- 
half inches for the following two, two inches for 
the fifth and sixth, and after that, an inch for every 
four acres. The expense of caring for the orchard 
will average all the way from $25 to $60 per acre, 
everything depending on the cost of water and labor, 
and whether the owner's family handles the enter- 
prise or he uses hired help. 



if \ou are about to plant a grove, be sure, ( 1 ) that 
you have an abundant water supply; (2) that your 
soil is adapted to the business; (3) that your climatic 
conditions are right; (4) that you will master the 
details of the business and become proficient in the 
growing of only first-class fruit. These are the 
ground principles ; the secondary items to observe are 
the planting of good trees and only commercial 
varieties — those that have stood the test of the mar- 
ket place and have invariably brought returns. A 
poor tree (one stunted, or badly grown, or with a 
bad root system) is expensive to plant, even as a 
gift. Its original cost is the smallest item to be 
considered, for, bear in mind that to have an un- 



Principles and Practices of Citrus Cu/tiii 



profitable tree in your orchard after expending four commercial varieties of oranges and lemons to a very 
years of time in its cultivation and bringing it into few, namely, in oranges, the Washington Navel, the 
a bearing condition is indeed an expensive luxury. Valencia Late, and in a lesser degree the Mediterra- 
So we say if you have the water, the soil, the climatic nean Sweet, Paper Rind St. Michael and the Tan- 
conditions, and will then plant good trees of standard gerine. In lemons we have the Eureka, the Villa 




A superb San Dimas Washington Navel orange grove with a record and planted to Teague trees. 



varieties, and give them intensive culture, you may 
safely go into the citrus business in any of the shel- 
tered portions of California and make money. 

The law of the survival of the fittest applies to all 
things in the vegetable and animal world, and to 
nothing more forcibly than in the atmosphere of the 
market place, where only the good survive and the 
poor perish. Elimination has simmered down the 



Franca and the Lisbon, here listed in the order of 
their commercial importance. In the pomelo, or 
grapefruit, Marsh's Seedless is the only variety 
planted commercially. Obviously, there are other 
varieties which possess merit and are capable of 
bringing returns, but in the main the foregoing now 
constitute the California varieties that command 
markets in the United States. 



Still Dnii/is Citrus Xinscnes, San Diinns, Cal. 



FROM NURSERY TREE TO BEARING ORCHARD 



D 



H E several operations essential to the pro- 
duction of quality orange and lemon trees 
are matters that do not appeal vitally to 
the intending planter of a profitable citrus fruit 
orchard. He is, however, directly concerned in the 
creation and establishment of profitable production 
in his horticultural enterprise. Good citrus nursery 
stock entails experience and care : thrifty seedlings 
properly budded at the right time, and so trained 



the seed, the first being by broad-casting, the second 
is -by sowing the seed in the open with no covering 
in drills of from eight to twelve inches wide, leav- 
ing about a six to eight inch space between each 
drill for the running of water, which insures stock- 
ier and hardier plants than by the broad-cast method 
in beds and is followed exclusively by the San Dinias 
Citrus Nurseries. In taking up the seed-bed plants 
for nursery planting, it is well to thoroughly wet 




and developed as to insure beyond a reasonable doubt 
trees that when planted in orchard form will be pro- 
lific of profitable fruit that will grade as fancy and 
choice. An experience of twenty-five years in the 
growing of citrus trees has enabled us to grow and 
produce superior stock in this respect — a condition 
largely demonstrated in the fact that a very great 
percentage of the best commercial orchards in this 
State are planted to Tcague trees. 

Possibly a word as to why Teague citrus trees 
stand supreme may not be out of place at this time. 
To give emphasis to our claims, some reference is 
required as to methods and care employed in the 
operations involved. In the first place we exercise 
the greatest care in the selection of strong, vigorous 
and plump seed; there are two methods of sowing 



down the bed so as to insure getting all the fibrous 
roots possible, and in loosening the plants it is best 
to use a four or five-tine spading fork, or other suit- 
able instrument, first discarding for purpose of plant- 
ing in the nursery row all weak and inferior plants. 
We plant all our budded stock about fifteen inches 
apart in the row, and the rows four feet apart; this 
insures a strong, robust and vigorous tree, as it 
allows of liberal cultivation, irrigation and all the 
essential operations to accelerate growth. Very little 
pruning is practiced, except to rub off the sprouts 
some six to eight inches above the surface of the 
ground. 

After the budding has been properly done, we 
leave the strings or wax cloth on the trees from 
twenty-one to thirty days. After buds are thor- 



iplcs nil J Practices of Citrus Culture 



ou^hly set, tops are cut off or lopped. All of our 
trees are firmly staked before the bud begins to lop 
over with its own weight : this insures a straight tree 
of good habit and strong development. With us it 
is a custom to top all trees at a height of thirty-three 
inches, allowing them to limb down nine inches. 
This leaves a space of twenty-four inches from the 
lower limbs of the tree to the surface of the ground. 
Of late years the best planters prefer a lower headed 
tree than formerly. This method of topping makes 
a tree much stockier, which will withstand the wind 
much better. A low headed tree of this description 
also has the advantage of shading its own trunk from 



the fibrous roots or disturbing any of the root sys- 
tem during the process of removing the tree. After 
the trench is dug and the tap root cut, a spade is 
forced down on the opposite side of the tree from 
the trench at a sufficient distance away to avoid dis- 




Two year-old seed bed stock 
Showing erowth of 30 inches 18 months from planting 

the rays of the sun when it is young and tender and 
in its first stages of development. Before the tree is 
removed from the nursery to the orchard it should 
be properly cut back. This usually consists of lop- 
ping off aljout one-half of the top, though some al- 
lowance must be made for condition of the tree, if 
balled or open roots, ;ind the weather. It is of great 
importance, however, that the tree should be prop- 
erly pruned before transplanting. Too much foliage 
will cause a greater evaporation than the roots can 
stand. 

Metliods of Transplanting. — There are two meth- 
ods of transplanting nursery trees to orchard form, 
viz., the open root and the balling system. In fol- 
lowing the former method a trench is first dug along- 
side of the tree to the depth at which the tap roots 
are to be cut. The soil should be well irrigated be- 
fore the tree is taken out to avoid breaking any of 




A perfectly grown two-year-old budded tree. 

turbing any of the root system ; the tree is then pried 
carefully into the trench and the earth shaken off the 
roots. The roots should then be immediately cov- 
ered with a wet cloth or burlap to protect them from 
the sun until the tree can be sledded out to the end 
of the nursery and loaded in wagons or taken to the 
packing house. Before boxing trees taken up in this 
manner or loading them on wagons to be hauled 



San Dimas Citrus Niirsen\'s, San Dinias, Cal. 



:i\\;n , it is a good plan to dip the roots into a mix- 
ture of earth and water of about the consistency of 
paint. This will cling to the roots and thoroughly 
protect them from the sun and wind. A place to dip 
tlie trees can be prepared by digging a hole in the 
ground some two or three feet deep and of the width 
required, pouring in water and stirring with loose 
earth until the right thickness of the mixture is 
obtained. 



the planter, who holds it in position for planting, 
placing tree to tlie same depth as originally in the 
nursery row. During this operation one or two men 
are employed to fill in the hole with good soil while 
the planter spreads the roots out carefully in their 
natural position. The earth for filling in must be 
mo'ist (if not it should be irrigated where the holes 
come before planting) so the roots will not be dry 
by the time the water is applied. After they are 




One million seed bed stock grown in the open, nine months from planting. 



The tree is now ready to be packed in wagons or 
boxes for shipment by freight, express, or parcels 
post. If it is to be planted in the near neighbor- 
hood, it is packed in wet straw in wagons, but if 
for shipment it is removed to the packing house and 
there carefully packed in damp moss in boxes. In 
loading in wagons, after the roots are well covered 
or packed in wet straw the tops should be covered 
over with a canvas or something of this description 
to keep off the wind and sun. A great many plant- 
ers prefer their trees taken up in this manner, as it 
insures a much larger root system. 

After the holes have been properly dug in the 
orchard, the driver hands out one tree at a time to 



covered to a sufficient depth, the planter presses the 
soil carefully around the tree and it is then ready 
for the water, which should not be more than ten 
to twenty minutes behind the planting. The sooner 
the water is applied the better it will be for the tree. 
The soil around the tree should be thoroughly wet 
to exclude the air and insure it being properly settled 
around the roots. After irrigating, it is necessary to 
go over it again before the ground is thoroughly 
settled to straighten it up in its natural position, as 
the settling of the earth is apt to cause it to lean 
out of line. After the tree has been thoroughly 
irrigated it is necessary to go over it again with the 
water in the course of a week or ten days, depending 



\ples and Practices of Citrus Culture 



on the condition of the soil and the weather. After 
this, all conditions being favorable, it will stand 
thirty days between irrigations. 

In following: the balling method of transplanting, 
a trench is dug alongside of the tree within six inches 
of it and to the proper depth, the tap root then being 
cut off at the length desired. With a sharp spade 
the bailer then cuts the earth away from the tree, 
leaving whatever is required for the proper size of 
the ball. This leaves the roots undisturbed. The 
bailer then carefully lifts the tree out of the trench 
and places it on a piece of burlap cut to the required 
size, while his assistant carefully lifts up the ends 



with much more safety by the balling method of 
transplanting, and with less risk of loss after re- 
moving. Do not plant too deep ; trees will settle 
after being irrigated from one to two inches or more. 
When finally "set" the trees should stand to the 
same depth as they originally appeared in the nur- 
sery row. When planting balled trees, before final 
straightening up, cut the string when the hole is one- 
half to two-thirds filled with soil, turn back the bur- 
lap, and then fill in to the surface. This allows of 
free growth, and in after cultivation obviates any 
liable damage by contact while the tree is becoming 
thoroughly cultivated. 




A block of one hundred thousand one-ye 



of the burlap around the top of the ball and ties it 
up with binder twine or something to answer the 
purpose and of sufficient strength. By this method 
the ball is kept from breaking or being shaken up 
in handling. In all cases where the seedling stock 
budded is large or small, it is necessary before tying 
up the ball to cut the tap root off even with the 
bottom of the ball with a pair of sharp pruning 
shears. When trees are billed, they will seldom 
wilt or lose their foliage. The planting of balled 
trees is carried on in very much the same manner as 
the open root method, with the exception that it is 
not necessary to have the water applied so soon. 
The ball will hold the moisture for quite a length 
of time. It is best, however, to put the water on 
as soon as possible, but it is not near so important 
as with the open root trees. Trees can be handled 



Ltiyiri!; off the Ground /'or Pliintin!;. — When the 
nursery trees are ready for planting in orchard form, 
using a five acre plot for example, planting twenty 
feet apart on the square method, it will be necessary 
to run three headlines, one across each end and one 
through the center, putting in stakes every twenty 
feet, commencing at one end first and leaving plenty 
of room between the first row and the end of the 
plot for turning purposes in cultivation. 

After the headlines are run across each end it is 
necessary then to stretch a wire lengthwise of the 
plot, being careful to have it perfectly straight. Af- 
ter this is done stakes should be set every twenty 
feet along the wire, which will mark the center of 
the hole to be dug. After the plot has all been 
staked off in this manner and the holes dug with 
the necessary preparations for planting, a board 



Still Dimas Citrus Xinscru's. Snn Di 



Cal. 



should be taken — somethinfi about 1x4, three to four 
feet hing — with a notch cut in the center of one 
side and one at each end. The center notch should 
be placed where the tree stake stands with smaller 
stakes at each end before the holes are dug. This 



aerated and warmed by the sun, and the cold weather 
of winter has ceased. It is the judgment of many 
of our leading orchardists that April, May, June and 
July are the ideal months in which to plant and 
establish a lemon or orange grove. 




rows of one-year-old Washington Navels, showing blooming and fruiting qualities. 



will admit of removing the center stake while dig- 
ging the hole, and in planting the board can be 
placed over the hole with the notches on each of the 
end stakes, the center notch being where the body 
of the tree should stand. This board should be left 
on the tree while filling in the earth, and by follow- 
ing this method all of the trees will be perfectly in 
line by straightening up after irrigating before the 
soil becomes packed. 

Best Time to Plant. — The orange tree being ever- 
green, it can be planted with more or less success at 
almost any time of the year ; but it has its periods 
of activity and dormancy more or less, hence the con- 
dition of the tree should be considered. In trans- 
planting it is advisable to take the trees when least 
active in growth, because the shock of removal is less 
severe at such times than when in an active state. 
In our judgment the best time to plant is in the 
spring and early summer, when the soil has become 




Transporting citrus trees by 



14 



Principles and Practices of Citrus Ciiltitrt 



THE CALL OF THE SOIL AND TREE 



m 



HILE it is true that the orange and the lemon 
enjoy a wide geographical distribution, not 
only in California, but in various other of 
the sub-tropical regions of the earth's surface, never- 
theless commercial production is after all limited to 
peculiar conditions and environment, based on char- 
acter of climate and soil. Though classed as fruits 
of the tropics, they attain their greatest perfection 
in those regions bordering the temperate zones 



perature to 25 or 26 Fahrenheit covering a period 
of several hours is fatal to the crop. Between this 
and a lesser degree, there is a wide range, not with- 
out its hazards of occasionally fatal cold spells, but 
where fruit of very hieh quality is being constantly 
produced. Allowing for this, it is obvious that the 
area based on climate capable of growing citrus fruits 
in California is indeed a wide one; in a much lesser 
degree, tiie same is true of Arizona, southwestern 
Texas, and other orange and lemon growing sections. 




for St. Louis World's Fa 



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known as arid, or where the rainfall is somewhat 
scant and sunshine largely predominates. Thus, the 
orange tree of the tropics, where rainfall is abundant, 
grows luxuriantly, but the fruit is insipid, wholly 
devoid of the fine citrous qualit\- (if that -rowri in 
regions temperamentally contiguous to a mure rigor- 
ous climate. For these reasons we find citrus culture 
assuming commercial importance only where the 
climate hovers at the danger point and where the 
rainfall is scant, rendering irrigation a necessity, and 
sunshine predominates during the growing and rip- 
ening period. Cloudy and damp weather produces 
pulpy fruit, while sunshine evaporates the moisture 
and checks rank growth, superinduces the ripening 
process, creating a fine exterior, abundant juice, 
sweetness and flavor. Within its sphere of widest 
production, these conditions are again subject to 
varying degrees, not only as applied to the industry 
as a whole, but also as applied to particular varieties. 
Citrus fruits should never be planted where biting 
frosts are reasonably frequent. A drop in the tem- 



Hence, it is important that lucal conditions of tem- 
perature should be carefully noted by intending 
planters, especially if the citrus industry is new to 
the section to be exploited. Possibly something 
should also be said of climatic conditions as applied 
to time of ripening, and also the effects on certain 
varieties and species. As an instance of this, it is 
noticeable that the major portion of the lemons mar- 
keted in the summer months are the product of those 
orchards situated in the Cuast counties of Southern 
California located s\ifHciently inland where the cli- 
mate is tempered by the prevailing ocean breeze ; in 
the interior \allc\s the crop matures in the fall,, 
extending into the winter months. Likewise, the 
foothill regions of the interior valleys whose climate 
is tempered by the mountain breezes, grow better 
lemons than are produced on the floors of the valleys. 
Intermediate between these there is almost every 
grade of weather condition, often resulting in the 
production of the poorest and also the best of citrus 
fruits, but at some hazard to growers. 



S(in Dinias Citrus Xnrsi'iit's. San Dii 



Cal. 



IS 



Soils. To arrive at an intellij^ent consideration of 
soil as applied to citrus culture, we should first un- 
derstand the requirements of our orange or lemon 
grove. Broadly, citrus fruits will do well on a 
variety of soils; specifically there are certain funda- 
mentals that must pertain to a good soil, or failure 
will be inevitable. Soil to be of any use must be 
sufficiently loose and porous to allow the roots to 
grow and extend freely, nor yet so open as to cause 
rapid evaporation of moisture or their easy disturb- 
ance by atmospheric action. All vegetation requires 
more or less water, hence the water-holding capacity 
of the soil is also of importance ; but it must possess 
drainage. A soil that holds too much becomes water- 
logged, a condition fatal to tree growth. Temper- 
ature is another important factor; a soil that is a 
"low" or "cold" is undesirable. Obviously it 
should be deep, so as to allow of extensive root devel- 
opment. These essentials have to do with the 
fihysical condition of the soil which we regard of 
equal importance with its fertility. Hence, see to 
it that your land is first in physical condition for the 
production of citrus fruits. Plant food is usually 
present in sufficient quantity for the production of a 
crop, though it may not always be available nor in 
sufficient quantity for the growth of commercial 
crops. TechnicalK. citrus sniN in Cah'toniia are 
recognized under \ari(ius names, such as sandy loams, 
clay loams, granitic tuothill soils, dry bug soils, adobe 
soils, mesa soils and gra\ell\- alluvium. Any of these 
placed in good physical condition and rightly situ- 
ated in what are known as citrus belts, will grow 
good fruit. Sand and gravel as such are to be 
avoided, and a hardpan (unless first blasted up by 
d\namite) is adverse to a healthy orchard. A good 
subsoil of a granitic formation, well rotted, is best. 
It should be fine but pervious to water. On another 
page we treat on the subjects of irrigation and fertil- 
ization, to which the reader's attention is directed. 

The Trees. — In making a selection of your trees, 
be careful to secure only the best; a poor specimen 
is an expensi\e luxury even as a gift, and will never 
repay cost of care and cultivation. Bear in mind 
that we put out only clean, healthy, well-grown and 
vigorous stock, true to name and up to every require- 
ment calculated to produce with reasonable care and 
cultivation, profitable crops of merchantable fruit. 
This purchasers can always depend on. Our total 
acreage in trees is now over 250 acres, all of which 
is devoted exclusively to citrus trees of our own 
growing. 

Setting Out the Orchard. — Having the right kind 
of soil in the proper condition, with true-to-name 
and well-grown trees, we may with safety proceed 
to plant. In doing so, exercise care in having your 
orchard symmetrical in order to economize the area 
to be planted. There are several methods or sys- 
tems whereby this may be attained, and in order to 
make them clear and better understood, we here 
present illustrations of square, quincunx, hexagonal 
and triangular methods. 



The Square System. — This is the most approved 
method. The orchard is laid off in lines crossing 
each other, with equal intervals of space, and a tree 
is planted at each crossing of lines. By the square 
method, at 20 feet apart, 108 trees are planted to the 
acre. The preferable distances for planting are 20 
feet for dwarf varieties, 24 feet for Navels and 
Mediterranean Sweets, and 30 feet for all seedling 
types. 




One-year-old budded citrus tree. 

Ouineun.x System. — In this system the orchard is 
laid off in the same manner as for square planting, 
except that the number of rows are doubled, and a 
tree planted in the center of every square. This 
method is chiefly used in planting with the idea of 
removing the center trees after those designed to be 
permanent shall have attained a considerable size; 
the orchard then assumes the square plan. At 20 feet 
apart, 199 trees are planted to an acre by this 
method. 



16 



Principles and Practices of Citrus Cu/tt 



Hexagonal, or Septuple, System. — In this system 
the trees are equilateral (equally distant from each 
other) and more completely fill the space than any 
other system can. Si.x trees form a hexagon and 
enclose a seventh. The lines in the figure indicate 
the method of laying out the orchard. By the hexa- 
gonal system, at 20 feet apart, 126 trees are planted 
to the acre. 



Methods and Care. — An orange or lemon grove 
can, without exaggeration, be viewed in the light of 
a manufacturing plant engaged in the production on 
a commercial scale of a fruit product; the trees are 
so many employees receiving a certain wage as cost 
of maintenance, over whom the owners or managers 
should exercise a supervision that will call out the 
maximum of efficiency. To do this successfully will 



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Square system. 



Triangular or alternate system. 



The following table will shou- the number of 
trees to the acre by the square, quincunx, and hexa- 
gonal, or septuple, systems: 



Distance Apart Square o 

10 feet 436 

12 feet 303 

14 feet 222 

16 feet 170 

18 feet 134 

20 feet lOS 

22 feet 90 

24 feet 76 

30 feet 48 

Note. — In giving the distances of 
the fifth or central tree is not taken 



exagonai 
Septuple 



Quincu 
831 



require a minute and individual acquaintance with 
each inhabitant or employee of the orchard, so 
that it may do its work well, and not be wanting in 
any of the things that stand for success in the mak- 
ing of a high-grade article of orange or lemon. The 
basic operations of cultivation, irrigation, manuring 
and harvesting are treated on elsewhere in this book ; 
what is here meant by "methods and care" covers 
some of the minor things that have an influence for 
the development and maintenance of a successful cit- 
rus fruit business. 

The successful grower "knows his trees," and for 
this reason he will not tolerate any drones in his 
orchard. By careful observation he soon learns to 
know efficiency in quality and production, and either 
brings up the efficiency of the laggard tree to the 
proper standard, or "discharges" the delinquent. 

"Catch crops" can be grown between the rows of 



San Ditiias Citrus Nurseries. San Dinias, Cal. 



17 



young trees for a few years, until they show bearing 
capacity. In this way the beginner can find some 
source of income during the waiting period for his 
trees to fruit. These crops should preferably be an- 
nuals — corn, melons, beans, peas, potatoes, and gen- 
eral kitchen vegetables often prove acceptable. 

Since humus not only enhances the physical con- 
dition of the soil but also adds elements of plant 



but in smaller holdings it is no great task to cut them 
up by hand. In either case the best results will fol- 
low if cut up at once after leaving the trees and cul- 
tivated or plowed under before serious drying out 
takes place. 

Open irrigation ditches are not so good nor so 
economical in the long run as a good system of 
piping. 



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Quincunx system. 



Hexagonal or septuple system. 



food, it is important to conserve and utilize all the 
vegetable matter available. Owing to this, we ad- 
vise the practice of cutting into small particles, of 
from four to six inches in length, the young trim- 
mings when pruning the trees as a green manure by 
plowing or cultivating the same into the soil. It is 
really quite astonishing to observe how readily these 
become assimilated, even the young wood decaying 
within less than a year's time, and the tender tips 
and leaves in a much shorter period. Orchards under 
like conditions so treated will be found to present a 
healthier appearance than those where the tree prun- 
ings have been taken off the land and otherwise dis- 
posed of. In cases where the orchards are large, the 
prunings may be chopped or cut up by machinery, 



Good tools in always prime condition are another 
essential. A good horse or team, a wagon, culti- 
vator, walking plow, pony gang, disk harrow, or 
spring tooth, and of course the general line of hand 
garden tools are some of the incidental equipment 
that, when properly used, stand for success. 

A few standard books on citrus culture should be 
a feature of every orchardist. Among such can be 
recommended Wickson's "California Fruits and 
How to Grow Them"; Hume's "Citrus Fruits and 
Their Culture"; "Soil Fertility and Permanent 
Agriculture" ; and the several bulletins of the Agri- 
cultural E.\periment Station at Berkeley, and those 
of the State Horticultural Commission at Sacra- 
mento, bearing on tropical fruit growing. 



Principles and Practices of Citrus Cii/tur, 



SUGGESTIONS TO INTENDING PLANTERS 



mNTENDING planters when ordering trees 
will expedite the filling of orders and be do- 
ing us a favor by observing the following: 

How To Order. State specifically the size and 
variety of trees you want, and also give a few gen- 
eral hints as to your soil and climatic conditions. 



Quality of Stock. All of our trees are grown to 
stakes, and are straight and thrifty, budded at the 
ground and well rooted. Good stock is the founda- 
tion of success. He who plants an orange or a 
lemon grove plants for generations ; hence, in choos- 
ing stock be careful to get only the best obtainable. 




One-year-old buds balled and stored for 



From unknown parties we demand a remittance or 
deposit of 25 per cent of order, or good references. 
Send money by bank draft, postoffice or express or- 
der, or registered letter. 

Location. The land upon which our nurseries 
are situated is conceded to be the best for growing 
citrus nursery stock, producing a fine grade of tree, 
with a root system of great vigor, making transplant- 
ing safe and easy. 



(luarantci'ing Trees. We guarantee all trees 
shipped from our nurseries to be as represented. We 
personally attend to the budding of all our trees, 
and use the utmost care to insure them true to 
name. 

Packing. We pack all trees in the best possible 
manner known to the trade, in bales and boxes, ac- 
cording to size of order and distance of shipment. 
Trees can be sent with safety to any part of the 



San DiDias Citrus A'tii-scrics, S/in Dinuis. Cal. 



United States or foreign countries. We make a 
small charge for packing, just sufficient to cover 
cost of material. Sample trees furnished intending 



Transportation Facilities. Our transportation fa- 
cilities are excellent, being midway between the 
Southern Pacific and Santa Fe railways and the 
Pacific Electric Railway ; hence we ship via any one 
of the three. 



thus are able to of^er any size that is required. We 
have buds one, two and three years old. Quality 
considered, we have citrus trees of all grades, and 
are able to meet competition from whatever source. 
Prices on application. 

Jiooking Orders Ahead. The demand for trees 
promises to be unusually active, hence it is advisable 
for intending purchasers to place their orders early, 
and thus insure good stock and be assured of having 




Late gro\ 



years planted. Crop sold in 1911 for $2,600 per acre 



Shipping Instructions. Please furnish explicit di- 
rections for shipping and by what route. In the ab- 
sence of any instructions we ship according to our 
best judgment, but in no case do we assume any 
responsibility for condition or safe delivery of trees 
after same have been properly packed and delivered 
to transportation companies. 

Price. The matter of price depends somewhat 
on size of trees, quality of stock, variety, etc. We 
sell according to condition of stock and customer's 
wants. We grade our citrus stock by caliper, meas- 
urement being made one inch above the bud, and 



their wants satisfied. We book orders ahead, and 
take every precaution to protect our customers, both 
in the way of reserving the trees as well as in the 
matter of qualit)'. Write us for prices and par- 
ticulars. 

True to Name. Our trees are all budded from 
bearing trees and every precaution exercised to have 
them true to name. We guarantee all stock sent 
out to be well rooted, well grown, true to name, 
properly packed, and shipped according to instruc- 
tions. Our liability under the foregoing guarantee 
is limited in amount to the original price received. 



20 



iph-s (iiiiJ Practices of Citrus Cultiir. 



THE TRIED AND APPROVED VARIETIES 



mN Calitornia commercial varieties of citrus 
fruits have been limited to a few standard 
sorts, which are enumerated in the follow- 
ing classification. The descriptions and history of 
each has been carefully verified, and hence may be 
accepted as reliable and to the point. 

THE SWEET ORANGES 
WASHINGTON NAVEL 
Fruit. The Washington Navel stands at the head of 
California oranges. Fruit large to very large; peel in- 
variably smooth and thick, rendering it of good protective 
quality; color a pronounced orange yellow; fruit marked at 



">^' 



VALENCIA LATE 




# m 

m-0-m 



^BgHF%^ 



Washington Navel orange. 

the blossom end with a small but irregular and secondary 
orange, from which it takes the name of "Navel"; fruit 
seedless and free from "rag" ; flesh crisp and sweet, with 
abundant juice possessing a flavor peculiarly its own; 
shipping qualities of the best, "standing up" under long 
distance shipments and yet maintaining its fine eating 
values. 

Tree. Of a rather moderate growth with small or no 
thorns and somewhat umbrageous in character with full 
rounded top; foliage a dark glossy green liberally fur- 
nished ; in California a strong and regular bearer, often 
producing fruit the second year in orchard form from the 
nursery rows. 

History. This fruit was introduced into the United 
States in 1870 by the Federal Department of Agriculture 
under the name of the Bahia orange. Of the trees propa- 
gated by the Department two were sent to Mrs. L. C. 
Tibbets of Riverside in 1873: an event that can truthfully 
be said to constitute the founding of the orange industry in 
California. Originally the fruit was known as the River- 
side Navel, but as it became known in other localities, the 
name was changed to Washington Navel, in honor of the 
Federal Capitol from which it was first sent out. The 
original two trees are still alive. One was transplanted in 
1913, with the assistance of ex-Pres. Roosevelt, to the court 
of the Riverside Mission Inn Hotel; the other still stands 
at the head of Magnolia avenue. Of this tree we show an 
illustration on another page of this book. 



Fruit. Owing t( 
November, this va 
Navel in commerci 
size, slightly oval ; 
smooth and of good protect 



lends from May to 
:o the Washington 
fruit is of medium 
orange yellow; peel thin, 
quality; flesh of good grain 



is second only 
portance. Thi 




Prolific Valencia Late orange. 



with abundant juice of fine citrous flavor; practically seed- 
less; shipping quality of the very best. The Valencia Late 
is the best summer shipping orange known to commerce, 
and coming into market at a season of the year when all 
other varieties have been disposed of, is essentially in a 
class by itself and exempt from competition. 



San Diinas Citrus Nurseries, San Dinias, Cal. 



Tree. Splendid form and of vigorous upright growth, 
attaining to great size much like the seedling type of an 
earlier period of the citrus industry; almost thornless; its 
extensive planting can be commended on good citrus lands 
that are reasonably free from late biting frosts. 

History. This fruit is a synonym of Hart's Late and 
Hart's TardiflF, and was introduced into California from 
Florida in the early seventies. Among our earlier experi- 
ences with citrus culture, we recall an orchard planted to 
Hart's Tardiff trees, which on coming into bearing devel- 
oped a number of trees untrue to name. These we budded 
to Valencia Lates, which on coming into bearing, fruit and 
habit of trees were identical with the Hart's Tardiff. 



GOLDEN BUCKEYE NAVEL 

Fruit. The feature that distinguishes it from all other 
varieties of Navel is a series of ridges of a deeper orange 
color on the peel, which is smooth and of a kidglove tex- 
ture; flavor strongly aromatic, with a suggestion of pine- 
apple; pulp of fine texture with but few segments; almost 
entirely free from rag; a good keeper and shipper; its 
earliness (January to May) gives it commercial rank; 
medium size. 



THOMSON NAVEL 



Fruit. The Year Book of the Department of Agriculture 
for 1911 gives the following description: Form slightly 
oblong; size above medium to large; cavity small, surface 
smooth; stem slender; color orange yellow, reddening 
somewhat after picking; peel relatively smooth, rather 
closely adherent, usually thin and rather tender; segements 





m' '«i 



Thomson's Improved Navel orange. 



lU to 1-', irregular in size with open center; Hesh, rich 
yellow to deep orange in color, translucent, moderately 
tender; not very abundant; seedless; flavor sweet, sprightly, 
pleasant ; quality good, but not equal to the Washington 
Navel when the latter is well grown. Its shipping season 
is about the same as that of the Washington Navel, but it 
reaches full maturity about one month earlier than that 



Tree. In habit 


and appearance 


very much like 


the 


Vashington Navel 


; a good grower, 


stronge foliage. 


and 


:ell branched. 









History. This fruit takes its name from that of the man 
(Mr. A. C. Thomson) on whose grounds it was first ob- 
served. Its origin from a scientific point of view was a 
matter of much speculation in the early days of the citrus 
industry in California; but of late years it is quite generally 
conceded that it took its inception as a bud sport of the 
Washington Navel, rather than through any process or 
manipulation of buds. 



Golden Buckeye Navel orange. 



Tree. A good grower; thornless; leaves lanceolate, much 
more so than the general run of orange trees, and only 
slightly serrated and dark green in color; new wood in- 
clined to grow slender but of good strength; general habit 
and appearance of tree strikingly individual. 

History. This is another "sport" discovered in our grow- 
ing orchards. Owing to the handsome and variagated 
exterior, often showing a narrow ridge of Washington 
Navel peel, combined with its fine eating qualities, induced 
us to propagate it and give it place in our published list of 
desirable varieties. 

GOLDEN NUGGET NAVEL 

Fruit. Medium to large, solid and of good shape; peel 
thin, more so than that of the Washington Navel, of fine 
texture, surface being smooth to the touch, and of good 
color; flesh exceptionally free from rag and seedless; flavor 
of the best with abundant juice; a good shipper. Season 
February to May. 

Tree. Somewhat individual by reason of its exception- 
allv dark green foliage, abundant lateral or fruiting 
branches, and fine symmetrical appearance; foliage is more 
lanceolate than that of the Washington Navel, and in color 
a shade darker, not quite so broad nor apparently quite so 
thick or leathery; wood growth, particularly the younger 
branches, more slender and willowy. 



variation or "sport" originated in our 
ears ago, which appealed so strongly as 
mportance that we have taken buds from 
he parent tree and perpetuated the strain under the name 
if "Golden Nugget Navel." Possessing real merit, it is 
vorthv of trial culture. 



History 
orchards 



Pnnnples and Practices of Citrus Cultitri 



NAVELEXCIA 



Fruil. In appearance much like the Thomson Navel, 
;ing of good size and shape; peel of fine grain and rather 




Golden Nugget Navel orange. 



thin; flesh melting to the taste and reasonably free fr 
"rag"; juice abundant and of good flavor; shipping qu 
ity up to standard. Season, January to June. 




History. The claim that it is a cross between Thomson 
Xavel and Valencia Late is hardly tenable; it probably is 
a variation in the regular Navel type of sufficient import- 
ance to give it specific rank. Not extensively cultivated as 
a commercial sort. 

MEDITERRANEAN SWEET 

Fruit. Medium to large; shape oval; color a rich orange 
yellow; peel rather heavy and of good proteotive quality; 
flesh of good grain and orange yellow in color ; flavor 
sweet and aromatic; a good shipping variety; season be- 
tween Washington Navel and Valencia, usuallv from April 
to July. 




Mediterranean Sweet orange. 



Tree. A good bearer and vigorous grower inclined to 
a spreading habit but not attaining great size; practically 
thornless; will stand a slightly colder temperature than 
some of the other sorts; at one time extensively planted in 
Southern California, but of late years planted sparingly. 

History. Of European extraction and first introduced 
and disseminated in California by A. T. Garey in the late 



Navelencia orange. 

Tree. Of an unbrageous habit with fine symmetrical 
top; possesses small thorns; foliage dark green and glossy; 
an early and good bearer, often yielding fruit the second 
year from the bud. 



PAPER RIND ST. MICHAEL 

Fruit. Rather small, round, solid and heavy; peel 
smooth, thin and of fine texture ; color yellow verging to a 
lemon shade; membranes thin; grain of fine texture; juice 
abundant; flavor sweet and sprightlv; good shipping qual- 
ity. Season, April to June. 



Sail Diiiias Citnis X urserics, San Dimns, Cdl. 



23 



ong and upright grower; medium thorny; a 
St. Michael trees in the Azores, in sheltered 
ave been known to bear from 15,000 to 20,000 
fruits in a single year. 

History. One of the oldest varieties in cultivation in the 
Mediterranean countries and in the Azores, where it has 
long been a favorite. First planted in California in the 
earlier stages of the exploitation and development of the 



THE MANDARIN ORANGES 
DANCY TANGERINE 
Fruit. Of medium size; color bright shiny orange red; 
peel smooth, thin and leathery, being easily removed ; flesh 
dark orange color, rather coarse grained; juice abundant 
and somewhat colored ; flesh melting and free from "rag" ; 
flavor pungent and sprightly; seeds from 6 to IS. Season 
Ftbruarv to Mav. 





Ruby Blood orange. 

Tiee. Strong upright grower, resembling in habit a 
seedling orange; when bearing heavily has a slight tend- 
enc\ to spread at top, which can be avoided by proper 
pruning; unlike most of its family, has a broad leaf, much 
like the standard oranges; well grown the tree makes a 
handsome appearance with its intensely colored fruits; to 
enhance size and quality of fruit, it should be thinned out. 



Paper Rind St. Michael orange. 

RUBY BLOOD 

Fruit. Of medium size and round in shape; peel thin 
and inclined to be tough; pulp melting, juicy and of a rich 
acidulous flavor; flesh a ruby red as the fruit fullv ma- 
tures, showing through the peel, giving it a reddish blush 
on the outside; a fruit of prime quality in its class. 

Tree. Nearly thornless, a good grower and prolific 
bearer; habit symmetrical and beautiful to the eye. 

History. An imported variety, undoubtedly from some 
"f the Mediterranean citrus districts. Introduced into 
Florida by General Sanford, from whence it undoubtedly 
found its way to California. 

SWEET SEVILLE 

Fruit. In size from small to medium; flavor delight- 
fully sweet and pleasant; peel thin and smooth; color a 
strong yellow. Season February to March. 

Tree. A good grower, prolific, and bears when quite 
young. 

History. .Another introduction from Florida. 




Foliage and fruit of the Ruby Blood 



24 



Principles and Praiticfs of Citrus CuHur, 



History. It is generally supposed that Dancy is a seed- 
ling from China. In this country the variety was un- 
doubtedly disseminated in Florida, from whence it found 
its way to California. It was known as early as 1843. 
Cuttings of trees propagated from this original planting 
strongly resemble the Dancy as we know it todav. 

KING MANDARIN 

Fruit. Very large and flattened with loosely adheriiii; 
peel and segments; color bright orange red; peel rough but 
of good appearance; pulp melting and free from rag; 
flavor peculiarly aromatic and agreeable; seeds 15 to 20 in 
number; general qualities of the very best. Season June to 
August. 

Tree. Rather rigid and upright in growth; foliage a 
rich dark green color; generally quite thorny. 

History. Introduced into California from Cochin China 
in 1SS2 by Dr. R. Magee of Riverside. 

WILLOW LEAVED MANDARIN. 

Fruit. Medium size, flattened; deep yellow; skin thin; 
segments loosely adherent; flesh dark orange-yellow, spicy 
and aromatic. Highly esteemed for eating out of hand 
because peel separates readily from the pulp; rated as one 
of the best of the kid glove type. 





Spray of Dancy Tangerine orange. 



Willow-Leaved Mandarin orange. 

Tree. A compact grower, forming a beautiful unbrage 
ous head, hence exceedingly desirable as an ornamenta 
feature of the orchard or garden. 

History. Introduced from Italy into Louisiana in abovi 
1845, from which State it has been disseminated througli 
out Florida and California. 




King Mandarin orange. 



San DInias Citrus Xi(rsc'ries. San Dii 



Cal. 



SATSUMA: OONSHIU, KII SEEDLESS 
Fruit. Medium, flattened ; the color is not red, like the 
Dancy Tangerine, but a deeper yellow than the Man- 
darin; rind and segments part freely; flesh fine-grained, 
tender, juicy, sweet and delicious; entirely seedless. Sea- 
son November to April. 

Tree. Thornless and of spreading dwarf habit; leaves 
narrow; branches reclinate; a slow grower and bears 
young. 

History. The Satsuma is a Japanese sort, and is said to 
have been first introduced into Florida in 1876 by Dr. Geo. 
R. Hall, and later (1878) by Mrs. Van Valkenberg. It 
first attracted attention in California in the eighties. 

KUMQIWT 
Fruit. About an inch long and olive or egg-shaped; 
color a rich golden yellow; peel (which is edible) smooth, 
aromatic and spicy to the taste; juice somewhat sparse but 
acidulous; sections usually five; seeds two to five. The 
whole fruit, rind and all, is eaten, and people become very 
fond of it. Preserved in sugar or crystalized the Kumquat, 
wherever it is known, is deservedly popular. 



Florida. Reasoner Brothers imported the egg-shaped va- 
riety in 1885 and the round (known as Nagami) in 1890. 
During the rapid development of our citrus industry from 
about 1875 to 1895, this fruit undoubtedly found its way, 
with many others, to California from Florida. 

THE ORNAMENTAL ORANGE 
BOUQUET DES FLEURS 

Fruit. Medium size; peel like that of the King orange; 
color orange yellow; a fine marmalade is made of the fruit 
by slicing as a whole; also the Bergamot oil of commerce. 

Tree. Distinct in appearance, owing to the peculiar 
shape of its leaves, which are round, thick, leathery, com- 
pactly and densely furnished; flowers large and in clusters; 
free bloomer. 

History. An introduction from the south of Europe; 
worthy of recognition on account of its oddity as well as 



GOLDEN VARIEGATED 



much 



the 



Pomelo. 

Tree. An ornamental acquisition with 
same shape and design as the ordinary orange with the 
exception that they are beautifully marked with vellow 
configurations. 

History. Brought from Europe by the late John Rock, 
of the California Nursery Company, and by it disseminated. 

THE COMMERCIAL LEMONS 
EUREKA 
Fruit. In shape oblong and of medium size; peel of fine 
texture and good protective quality and rich yellow color ; 
flavor of strong citrous quality; juice free and abundant, 
witli but little "rag"; cures and keeps well, giving it high 
rank in the trade. 




Dwarf and bushy in habit; usually when full 
grown s to 12 feet in diameter; forming a shapely head, 
rendering it an ornament as a tub plant or placed in the 
garden. An enormous bearer, which retains its fruit for 
months, giving it an added appearance of beauty as well 



History. Downing in 
1850, makes mention of 
plant. .\t a later period 



for February, 
a greenhouse 



Eureka lemon. 

Tree. Stalwart grower and comparatively , free from 
thorns; prolific bearer, blooming and setting fruit continu- 
ouslv throughout the year, but especially a good cropper 
during the summer months. 



26 



iph's and Practices of Citrus Culturi 



History. Originated as a chance seedling in the grounds 
of Mr. C. R. Workman, from seed imported in 1872 from 
Hamburg. A few years later its fine qualities attracted 
Mr. Thomas A. Garey, one of the leading nurservmen of 
that day, who commenced to propagate large numbers of 
trees of this variety by budding, thus exploiting and pio- 
neering the way to its dissemination pretty much over Cali- 
fornia, wherever the lemon finds congenial conditions. 




Lisbon lemon. 

VILLA FRANCA 

Fruit. Size medium to large and oblong in form; peel 
smooth, of good texture and bright yellow in color with nn 
trace of bitterness; flesh fine grained and translucent; juice 
abundant with little pulp; a high-grade commercial fruit. 

Tree. LTpright grower; practically thornless; branches 
spreading if not properly pruned; foliage abundant; a 
thrifty grower and good bearer, setting its fruit well into 
the protection of its own foliage. 

History. The Villa Franca was introduced into this 
country by General Sanford, and first planted in Florida, 
where it soon made a place for itself. In the late eighties 
it was brought from Florida to California. In the former 
state it occupies first place as a commercial lemon. 

LISBON 

Fruit. Of recognized merit in the markets of tlie coun- 
try; fruit of average size; peel smooth, sweet to the taste. 
pure lemon color, and of medium thickness; flesh fine 
grained, nearly transparent and abundatit juice; flavo: 
strongly acidulous and free from bitterness; practical l\ 
seedless; keeping and shipping qualities of the best. 

Tree. Of largest growth; thorny; strong vigorous grow- 
er well covered wiht foliage and a good bearer of fruit 
running uniform in size and even maturitv. 

History. The Lisbon is an importation from Portugal, 
and found its early exploitation and development in River- 
side, where it was first made known by D. N. Burnham. 
In the earlier period of our citrus development it occupied 
the place of honor, but its position has been superceded 
bv the Eureka. 



VARIEGATED LEMON 

Fruit. .Average in size, mottled and streaked; juice good 
quality; color variegated; flesh somewhat pink in color. 

Tree. Strikingly individual from the fact that its shin- 
ing, lustrous foliage is beautifully veined and marked with 
strong yellow-colored configurations, which give it a royal 
and handsome appearance as a specimen plant in the gar- 
den or on the lawn. 

History. Originated some years ago as a_ sport, and 
propagated in a small way solely for its ornamental values, 
which give it high rank in landscape effects. 



THE STANDARD LIMES 



MEXICAN LIME 

Fnut. Rather small in size, oblong or oval; color a pale 
•mon \ellow; peel smooth and thin; flesh fine grained and 
ia\ish-green in color; juice abundant and translucent; 
L-iil strong; flavor decidedly that of the lime rather than 



and compact, growing from 10 
often cultivated as a hedge pla 



!5 feet 



Hislnn This \anet\ was be\ond question first intro- 
duced at an earU period mto Old Mexico b\ the Spaniards, 
fiom whence it found its \"sa\ to California and Florida 


















Prolific fruiting Villa Fr 



Citrus Niirscric's, San Dii 



Cal. 



TAHITI LIME 

Fruit. Size of a small lemon, decidedly oval in shape; 
peel smooth and thin ; flesh fine grained with a greenish 
tinge; juice plentiful and practically colorless; acid pure 
and strong; flavor of the best; seedless; also known as 
Bearss' Seedless. 

Tree. Of good shape, 10 to 25 feet high, with a good 
spread of limbs; fruit produced singly and in clusters, well 
protected by foliage; slightly thorny. 

History. An introduction from the Island of Tahiti. 



THE COMMERCIAL POMELOS 
MARSH'S SEEDLESS POMELO 

Fruit. .Medium size; peel thin, with half the usual 
bitter; a true pomelo (grapefruit) and not a hybrid; prac- 
tically seedless, specimens with merely rudimentary seeds 
being rare; juice abundant and of exceptionally fine flavor; 
flesh dark and rich. In serving you are not required to 
remove from 25 to 40 seeds, as is necessary with the com- 
mon grapefruit, but is ready for the table when cut in 
halves; being devoid of seeds to germinate when left late 
on the trees or in storage, enhances its keeping qualities, 
which is a great factor in its favor; cures and keeps likr 
the lemon. 




Marsh Seedless pomelo. 

Tree. Strong vigorous compact grower, and when at its 
best is indeed an object of beauty with its liberal furnish- 
ing of rich deep green foliage and great bunches of pure 
lemon yellow globe-shaped fruit; a good bearer; ipiality 
and flavor of fruit is greatly enhanced by liberal dressings 
of fertilizer to the soil; when setting a heavy crop, the 
fruit should be thinned out, thus affording the tree oppor- 
tunity to perfect the remaining fruits, insuring quality, size 
and volume of juice. 

History. The Marsh Seedless Pomelo was originally in- 
troduced by Mr. C. M. Marsh, of Lakeland, Florida, in 
1895-'96. The original tree was a seedling, and the fruit 
being without seed and of good flavor, at once brought it 
into public notice. Its introduction into California occurred 
about twenty years ago. The Shaddock, to which the 
pomelo belongs, is native to the Malavan and Polvnesian 
Islands. 




Fruit and foliage Marsh Seedless pomelo. 

IMPERIAL 

Fruit. Very similar to the Marsh Seedless in size, shape 
and color; peel smooth and fine grained; juice abundant; 
little rag; flavor sweet and pleasant; good keeper; seeds 
more or less pronounced. 




Imperial pomelo. 

Tree. A strong upright compact grower ; fruit wi 
tributed throughout the bearing surface ; fruits from 
to third year after tree has been planted in orchard 
habit good, making a fine symmetrical appearance, true to 
the pomelo type. 

History. A chance Florida introduction, given the name 



;11 dis- 
second 
form ; 



nper 



Califor 



28 



Principles and Practices of Citrus Culture 




A well grown Washington Navel orange grove. 



SAMPSON TANGELO 

Fruit. Compressed-spherical, slightly drawn out at stem 
end like tangerine; of medium size, color chrome yellow, 
considerably darker than the pomelo, though not so red as 
the tangerine; skin thin, about one-eighth of an inch in 
thickness, loose and easily removable; surface smooth and 
glossy; segments 9 to 11, separating easily like tangerine; 
membranes thin and tender; rag very slight; quality excel- 
lent; texture very tender and juicy; flavor slightly subacid, 
somewhat sweeter than pomelo, medium in size. 

Tree. A vigorous, strong upright grower, and in the 
opinion of its originators will prove productive; no hardier 
than either of its parents, the Dancy Tangerine and ordi- 
nary pomelo; foliage more like the latter than the former. 

History. The hybrid seedling from which this variety 
was developed was grown and fruited by Mr. F. G. Samp- 
son of Boardman, Florida. On the suggestion of the De- 
partment of Agriculture at Washington, we have adopted 
the name of "Sampson Tangelo." 

TRIUMPH POMELO 

Fruit. Medium ; peel smooth, clear, t 

grained; less "rag" than in most grapefru 

seeds; very heavy; juicy and well flavored 

bitter in the juice, flesh or membranes su 

cells and dividing the segments, and ver^, 

white inner lining of the peel. Like the preceding, th 
fruit cures and keeps equally a> well as the lemon. 



n and fine 
, and fewer 
There is no 
ounding the 
ittle in the 



Tree. Of good habit and comes into bearing young; 
prolific. Among the best of the later introductions. 

History. The original Triumph Pomelo is said to have 
been a chance seedling discovered in the grounds of the 
Orange Grove Hotel at Tampa, Florida. Its commercial 
dissemnation dates from about the year 1885; some years 
later it found its way to Southern California, and soon 
attained rank with shippers as well as growers. 

THE CITRON OF COMMERCE 
THE CITRON: CITRUS MEDICA CEDRA 

Fruit. Oblong, and conical in shape; skin thick, warty 
and furrowed in some varieties, while smooth in others; 
color lemon yellow and highly scented ; pulp less acid than 
the lemon. The Citron of Commerce is manufactured of 
this fruit, and it also yields an essential oil. The amount 
of citron rind sold in the United States amounts to 12,000 
cases of 250 pounds each, every ounce of which is imported. 
Its manufacture in California has been demonstrated. 

Tree. Rather dwarf in habit, and inclined to sprawl, 
but with its large light green foliage makes a very pre- 
sentable appearance; it is somewhat susceptible to frost; 
fruits and blossoms throughout the year. 

History. Introduced into California both by private en- 
terprise and on the initiative of the Department of Agri- 
culture at Washington. 



San Dimas Citrus Nurseries, San Dimas, Cal. 



29 




IRRIGATING THE CITRUS ORCHARD 



mN CALIFORNIA citrus culture is only pos- 
sible where there is available plenty of water 
for irrigating purposes over the dry summer 
and fall months. 

In this connection there are three methods, viz., 
the furrow, the basin and the zig-zag systems. Our 
illustrations give a clear idea of the practical work- 
ing phases of each. As the name implies, the furrow 
system consists of several furrows plowed between 
the rows of trees, and down these the water is 




Basin system of irrigation. 

allowed to flow gradually until the ground is thor- 
oughly saturated. In furrow irrigation the water 
should be allowed to run very slowly in order tn 
percolate through the soil to a considerable depth 
and at the same time prevent its washing down ami 
leaching out the ground. 

The basin system consists in each tree being 
basined, an operation usually performed by a plow 
or what is known as a blocker or ridger, which con- 
sists of a V-shaped implement made of wood and 
iron or iron alone. This throws up a ridge or em- 
bankment of earth around each tree, which is allowed 



1 


■P 








1 


wm 


y ' ' <\ 


5^ 


K , "> 


t 


m^ 


■.-../:. 




im 












l\ 










'^7^'^:Wm.k<^ 




' ■<''^;' '' . 


%' 'H 


^ 


- •'^i. 


i 






' "' "' 


. \ 


■ 


"-^^ 









Orange blossoms. 



30 



Principles and Practices of Citrus Cii/tin 



to fill with water from the niai:i furrow or ditch 
once or twice. In this way the whole grove is 
treated, each basin beinfj filled independently from 
the main furrow or ditch between the rows of trees 
which tap the main supply ditch. 

Tlie zig-zag system is an improvement on the 
basin system, and l( insists in the orchard being first 
cross- turrowcd, then ridged lengthwise, as indicated 
in illustration shown on page 34. Its chief advan- 



It is an axiom among fruit growers in Southern 
California to first find your water and then look for 
a good piece of land on which to put it. This illus- 
trates the importance of a reliable supply of water 
for irrigation purposes when planting and cultivating 
an orange grove. 

Thorough and constant cultivation, rendering the 
soil friable and well communited tends to conserve 
moisture, at the same time enhancing the value of 



"~1 







Irrigating a hill side orchard by 



tages consist in obviating a baking of the soil, espe- 
cially if inclined to be heavy, by not covering the 
entire surface of the ground with water, thus afford- 
ing sufficient dry earth to make a mulch when culti- 
vated over the entire irrigated surface, an operation 
which can be done sooner after irrigation than in the 
basin system. This leaves the soil friable and at 
the same time conserves the moisture in the ground, 
which obviously is a great advantage over the basin 
system. 

Irrigation on rolling or hilly ground is of itself 
quite an art, and is practiced by running furrows on 
the contour so as to guide the water without over- 
flowing and thus flooding the soil. The artificial 
application of water to side hill orchards is only 
feasible by the furrow system in the manner indi- 
cated in the illustration. 



artificial watering. It is the practice of some grow- 
ers to cultivate the land in three or more different 
directions, say two or three days after each irrigation, 
the aim being to establish a soil mulch from four to 
six inches deep. The more even and thoroughly the 
water is distributed over the whole surface of the 
ground, the better will be the action on the trees. 
In the groves of the San Dimas Citrus Nurseries we 
have followed these operations faithfully with satis- 
factory results. 

Growers desiring wider information on the more 
technical features of irrigation as it applies to citrus 
culture should consult the bulletins of the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture and books of recognized value 
on the subject, (if which there are a number to be 
had at the book stores. 



San Dinias Citrus N uyscries, San Dinias, Cat. 



GOOD FRUIT AND SOIL FERTILITY 



jS^jlITRUS growers who have attained success in 
ir^l the production of choice fruit from season to 
l ^™* l season, appreciate that the orange and lemon 
tree are gross feeders, and if good returns are to be 
maintained, some attention must be given to the mat- 
ter of replenishing the soil with some of the ingredi- 
ents that annual cropping removes more or jess. In 
California, and for that matter in tiie arid reL'ions 
quite generally, the soil is naturally rich, and when 
the tree is planted on virgin ground, it will do well 
without any application of fertilizer for the first tew 
years, especially if given intensive cultivation ; after 
that, however, some recognition must be given the 
orchard in this regard. Its extent and cliaracter is 
obviously a matter of local conditions, to which the 
intelligent grower will give careful attention, and 



act in compliance with the best practice of the suc- 
cessful and experienced growers in his locality. In 
sections where the soil is shallow it is expedient to 
apply a fertilizer every year from the time the 
orchard is planted. In the rich soils of California, 
it has been found that nearly all the subsidary ele- 
ments of plant food are present, and hence only the 
fiiui k'.-uling elements must be supplied, \iz., nitro- 
gen, phosphoric acid and potash, and in rare cases 
lime. I'hese must he replaced in the soil ot ..rchards 
subject to constant cropping. The intelligent 
grower, therefore, will be quite apt to see to it that 
his trees do not suffer for the want of nitrogen, 
phosphoric acid and potash, because these are the 
?lements which the crop annually draws from the 
"round, and which must be replaced. 




Citrus orchard planted to field peas for gr 



32 



Principles and Practices of Citrus Ciiltiiri 




Late orchard, thi) 



en years old, planted to Teague trees, producing an average of 56,6 If 
packed boxes per year for eleven years. 



The experience of growers indicates that the 
quality and quantity of fruit may be somewhat con- 
trolled by fertilization, and as oranges are purchased 
entirely upon their appearance and quality, this be- 
comes an important consideration throughout this 
region. 

As a means to an end, the growing of cover crops, 
to be turned under as green manure, is advisable; 
this also adds humus to the soil, thus improving its 
physical condition as well as insuring an available 
supply of plant food. Cover crops are usually 
drilled in both ways, and irrigated during the early 
fall months, so as to insure a good stand. The 
legumes, Canada peas, vetch, etc., are tlie usual 
crops planted, which add nitrogen to the soil, and 
when plowed under, aerate it. 

In planting vetch in the fall for a cover crop we 
have found it a good practice to sow barley or rye, 
preferably the latter, to shade the ground and afford 
supports for the vetch to vine on. 



When commercial fertilizers are considered we 
are on more speculative ground, hence there is a 
wide divergence in practice even among the oldest 
and most experienced growers. The fertilizers used 
are dried blood, tankage, bat-guano and nitrate of 
soda for nitrogen ; sulphate of potash for potash ; 
and superphosphate of bone for phosphoric acid ; 
stable manure is of course used in large quantities, 
and also grain or bean straw, preferably the latter. 
It might be added that cover crops and intensive cul- 
tivation greatly enhance the service and action of 
applications of commercial fertilizers to orchard soils. 

No fruit grower whose crops and soil may suggest 
the need of plant food should be without Prof. Hil- 
gard's work on "Soils," which goes into the subject 
exhaustively. As a result of constant annual crop- 
ping the matter of soil fertility and its maintenance 
looms large on the horticultural horizon, hence the 
urgent need of accurate knowledge and a more in- 
telligent practice. 



Snn Dinuis Citrus Xinserit's, San Dinias, Cal. 



33 



PRUNING THE ORANGE TREE 



mHERE are no hard and fast rules to follow, 
as much depends upon conditions and en- 
vironment — the climate, the soil, the habit 
of the tree, and the treatment that it has been sub- 
jected to. Then again there is a wide diversity of 
opinion and practice, even among the more advanced 
and successful growers, all of which leaves the sub- 
ject on debatable ground. There are, however, a 
few basic principles that must be observed if we are 
to obtain and maintain profitable bearing orange 
trees. For the most part, these practices have been 



wood and the perfection of its fruits. A scraggly 
growth is to be avoided ; the tree must possess a 
vigorous foliage, and yet at the same time allow 
sunshine to permeate the same, in order to ripen and 
sweeten its oranges. In operating the saw and 
shears, care should be exercised to make clean smooth 
cuts; if irregular and protruding the wound is apt 
to sucker, thus sapping the vitality of the tree in a 
direction that is inimical to its bearing capacity, and 
vitiating the quality of its product. Care must also 
be exercised to avoid cutting out live wood; alwavs 




trar-old Washington Navel grove. 



observed by us not only in our nursery operations, 
but also in orchard work, of which we have our 
portion as things go in this world, to look after. 
Obviously we are aiming to secure maximum results 
at a minimum of expense; in other words secure the 
greatest amount of fancy and choice fruit that the 
tree can be made to yield by intelligent care and 
management. In our own experience with a num- 
ber of bearing orchards pruning is done very spar- 
ingly, the object and aim being to keep the tree 
clear of all dead wood, to eliminate the sucker 
growth, so that its strength and substance may be 
conserved for the development of fruit - bearing 



aim to cut to a joint. Long and scraggly branches 
may be cut back, though to cut bearing wood is 
always to be avoided. When all the dead wood is 
eliminated, the tree will usually be found in a healthy 
bearing condition. Of course what is here meant by 
"dead wood" is the larger growth ; the minute twigs 
and spines will usually drop of their own accord as 
they ripen and decay. A well cared for orange 
orchard, once under full control, will not require 
pruning more than once a year, though an occasional 
scrutini, by the experienced eye, followed by an occa- 
sional application of the shears, will be beneficial 
and add to its vigor and productiveness. 



Principles and Practices of Citrus Culture 



PRUNING THE LEMON TREE 



mREATMENT of the lemon tree is much 
the same as the orange, only that it requires 
closer application and on the whole is much 
more severe. Allowing for the elimination of dead 
wood and suckering, it is of prime importance that 
the lemon tree be headed low, as the tendency is for 
the limbs to grow long and irregular ; it is also essen- 
tial to have the tree compact so as to harvest the crop 
more easily and at a minimum of cost in time and 
labor. The major portion of the new wood should 



somewhat three-cornered or corrugated appearance 
to the stem in its earlier stages, the leaves being larger 
and more widely distributed. 

Low headed trees are quite generally the rule, s.^A 
yet this may be overdone. A tree with its branches 
constantly swishing in the cultivated soil by the 
action of every breeze that blows will negative the 
growth of fancy fruit on its lower branches; on the 
contrary, a tree trained high necessarily loses much 
of its fruit bearing wood, exposes the trunk to sun- 
burn which superinduces a congestion of the bark, 




Ten acre lemon grove. 



be removed, the object being to produce a low 
headed and umbrageous growth. In this connection 
there are a few basic principles that every person 
operating the pruning shears on lemon trees should 
observe with diligence. First among these is to 
recognize at sight fruit wood from sucker wood. 
Why? Let us explain. Quality of fruit is vitiated 
by overlooking the development of suckers; and 
quantity is lowered by cutting out new growth of 
fruit wood under a misapprehension as to its real 
character. Hence follow Davy Crockett's advice, 
and be sure you are right before the shears go into 
operation. Sucker wood can invariably be distin- 
guished by a rank and sappy growth indicated by a 



often causing an abnormal growth of suckers sapping 
its vitality. In the light of these conditions, to 
prune so that the tree's lower branches escape the 
ground, and yet be protective to its base, is what we 
recommend. Another thing is to use only the best 
of tools in the best of condition, so that the cutting 
shall be done in a clean and workmanlike manner. 
Make all cuts close and parallel with the base limb 
or trunk — such cuts being clean and free from bruise 
and laceration will obviate the use of paint or wax 
to the wound. Hy observing these suggestions there 
will he no contraction nor checking. The "know 
how," backed h\ careful observation as to the tree's 
condition and environment, will give desired results. 



Sail D'nuas Citrus Nurseries, San Dimas, Cal. 



35 



THE GRADE, THE PACK AND THE BOX 



II 



ET US picture to ourselves a grove of say . 
twenty acres in full bearing. The fruit is of 
good quality and in the right condition for 
marketing and shipping, and hence it is of importance 
that we so handle it that it shall reach the consumer 
with all its natural beauty of form and flavor unim- 
paired. To accomplish this, certain operations are 
essential, which may be described and should in the 
main be carefully observed. 



jostling as possible. When the picker has filled his 
sack he then empties it carefully into the picking 
boxes previously provided in close proximity to his 
location in the orchard. This also should be care- 
fully done, by placing the sack with its contents 
gently into the box, then unhook the bottom, when 
it should be gently pulled away from its contents, 
allowing the fruit to roll out easily into the box, but 
not filling it so close to the top as to run the risk of 




Hand grading and packing lemons. 



The necessary number of hands to accomplish the 
task are on the ground, the matter of conveyances to 
the packing houses provided, and the paraphernalia 
for expediting the work s\ipplicd. Each one of the 
pickers is supplied with a modern picki ig sack with 
a false bottom capable of holiiing scjiucthiiig like fifty 
oranges or one hundred lemons — everything depend- 
ing on the size of the individual fruits — a pair of 
orange clippers, and a ladder, the latter depending 
for its size upon the spread and height of the tree 
from which the fruit is to be gathered. In harvest- 
ing a crop care must be taken to cut the stem with 
jhe clipper close to the fruit, taking each fruit in one 
hand while performing the act of clipping with the 
other. When cut, the orange should be carefully 
placed in the picking sack with as little handling and 



bruising in stacking one box over the other. This 
operation is repeated until the requisite number of 
boxes are filled constituting a wagon load, when the 
fruit is hauled to the packing house. In the case of 
the lemon, the picker grades the fruit suitable for 
cropping and curing according to size, which is deter- 
mined by means of a ring carried in the hand, denot- 
ing the diameter of the fruit desired. 

This practically constitutes the operations in the 
orchard, from which the fruit is conveyed to the 
packing house in wagons provided with springs cal- 
culated to obviate jolts and consequent bruising and 
damage to the fruit. Arriving at the packing house 
the fruit is first submitted to a thorough cleaning by 
passing through a series of revolving brushes which 
remove all deleterious substances and dirt, which is 



36 



iplfs an J Practict's of Citrus Culture 



in turn cleared away by automatic blowers and finally 
removed to the outside of the building by suction ; 
from here the fruit goes directly into automatic 
weighers, which dump it when the requisite weight 




California picking sack. 



is attained ; then it is taken on a wide moving beh, 
and while in transit the grading is done by hand, 
classifying the fruit as "choice," "fancy," "stand- 
ard," "offs," and "culls"; on leaving the hands of 
the graders it is delivered automatically into chutes, 
from which it is carried to the sizers, and conveyed 
from them directly into the packing bins, each of 
which designates a particular standard pack. In 
oranges the regular sizes are 126, 150, 176, 200, 
216; small offs, 252, 288, 324, 360; large ofifs, 64, 
80, 96, 1 12. Each number designates the actual quan- 
tity of individual fruit to the box. As the different 
grades are carried over this belt the smaller fruit 
reaches the sizer first and is carried to its bin, the 
second second, and so on until the largest specimens 



are delivered at the last bin in the line. This opera- 
tion, in a large establishment, is continuous during 
the shipping season covering a working day. At 
each bin there is stationed a packer, whose business 
it is to wrap each fruit in an independent tissue 
wrapper, placing the same carefully into the box in 
which the fruit reaches the consumer. To save 
time and expedite the work, others take the filled 
box from the hands of the packer at the bins and 
convey them on a belt to the box press, where they 
are automatically pressed down and held in place 
while the operator securely nails down the top and 
stamps the number of oranges in each box on the 
label end ; the grade is shown by the label pasted on 
end of box. From here the packed boxes are stacked 
one upon another on their sides to the required 
height ready for trucking into the car. Usually the 
labels designating the grade are placed on the empty 
boxes ; this, however, is not imperative. A carload 
of packed oranges varies some in number of boxes in 
keeping with the size of car. A 36-foot car will 
take 336 boxes, a 40-foot car 384, and a 42-foot car 
409 — the latter a late introduction, which it is 
hoped will become popular in the near future. In 
lemons, the 36-foot car will take 288 boxes, the 
40-foot 312, and the 42-foot 336. When packed 
the boxes are placed on end with a space for ventila- 
tion between each and every box, made feasible by 
nailing small strips of lumber of suiBcient strength 
crosswise of the car. This done, the car is ready 
to be sealed and sent to its destination. 

In the main, much the same procedure is observed 
in packing lemons, the difference being substantially 
as follows: with lemons the fruit is graded exclu- 
sively by hand at the time (jf shi|iment. Curing is 
in many cases optional, much depending on the con- 
ilition of the market. 




Too much caution, especially with lemons, cannot 
be observed in handling citrus fruit from the moment 
it is clipped from the tree until sealed up in a car 
only to be again handled at points of destination. 



S(in Ditiias Citrus Xitrscries, San Dimas, Cal. 



Treat each individual specimen as though it were an 
egg and your product will not only "stand up" under 
the wear and tear of handling and transportation, 
but will invariably bring you a better price, and 
enhance your reputation as a grower of fancy fruit. 
It has been said that the apparel oft proclaims the 
man and it is also true that the package often sells 
the goods. Be sure your pack is uniform and true to 
grade, mark your package or box true to name, qual- 
ity, number and size; pack bo.xes full, solid and 
uniform — fruit at top, bottom and center all alike. 



together for shipment. In rare instances they are 
packed in quarter boxes, four being cleated together. 
The three accompanying illustrations, accurately 
drawn under our personal supervision directly from 
photographs taken in the San Dimas packing house, 
show the plan for packing the different sizes of 
oranges, lemons and pomelos as practiced by the 
California Fruit Exchange, and other leading pack- 
ers and shippers. By following the methods of 
layering shown in these three illustrations the fruit 
will "fill" the box in such a way as to pack snugly 




Grading and packing oranges. 



Establish a reputation for honesty and neatness, and 
invite buyers by making your product attractive. 
Give value for value, and you can rest assured, suc- 
cess will be yours. 

Let us digress for a moment from the general topic 
of harvesting and marketing, and note more specifi- 
cally the different methods and plans for packing the 
various sizes of oranges and lemons. To begin, the 
standard California orange box is llj/xllj/2x26 
inches outside measurements, divided into two com- 
partments ; the standard California lemon box is 
10^/2x14x27 inches outside measurements, divided 
also into two compartments. Pomelos are packed in 
the orange box, while the Tangerines, Mandarins 
and other kid glove varieties are packed in half 
boxes of the orange size, two of which are cleated 



and "stand" long-distance shipments with a mini- 
mum of wear and tear. Number of fruit to each 
pack, size of fruit in diameter, and number of layers 
to the box of different sizes, are indicated in the fol- 
lowing table : 

ORANGES 
Fruits to No. of 

each pack layers 

80 3x2 4-4 

96 3x3 4-4 

112 4x3 4-4 

126 3x2 5-5 

150 3x3 5-5 

176 4x3 5-5 

200 4x4 5-5 

216 3x3 6-6 

252 4x3 6-6 

288 4x4 6-6 

324 5x4 6-6 



"T"1! 



■i 



STANDARD PACKS FOR ORANGES 

USED BY THE TRADE IN CALIFORNIA 



:k V .. .4 




eo PAC 




, ; •, .-4,. r^T ro h_.'' .-^i 



^ > r, ^ r 
> M r I, 

1 - n : r 



1^ ii^xi 

\I50 PACK 



126 PACK 1 h ' "^ .^"S 
• ^ r r U* 252 PACK 



216 PACK 



192 PACK 

TAN a Ez R [ N e:s 



1 r r^ 



324 PACK 



J \ I \ A 



STANDARD PACKS FOR LEMONS 

USED BY THE TRADE IN CALIFORNIA 




40 



Principles and Practices of Citrus Culture 



STANDARD PACKS FOR POMELOS 



fW^ 



J'. 



36 PACK ' 48 PACK J 




80 PACK 



96 PACK 1 



48 2x3 4x4 

Sn 3x2 4x4 

96 3\3 4x4 

The seveial illustiations shown herewith afford a 
good idea ot the iinestments in builihnus, machinery 
and apphances th it hue b\ the 1 i\\ ot elimination, 
come to ei\ e tin best scniee in the handhng and 
manipulation ot the tiuit atter it ka\es the grower 




Hand grading cured lemons. 



San Dunns Citrus Xurseries, San Di)iias, Cal. 







/ 


- i ' 




S^^\ 


'JBK 


^'—^ - , 


^^^gK^"^ , 


" "^ -y3P'' 





^^-^t 

^^'i 



*^H..^^afe^^W^^-^ 



i;Ant0iiA/RSfXCIf4l*ff 



Standard pomelo packs. 



A standard lemon pack. 




BsTfr^ 



>i»-«^ 



Standard orange packs. 



A standard Tangerine pack. 

T„e a.ove iUustrations CO... a clear .ea o. tl. stand^ nf^ colored |abe^^ w.He^ .e^.d^a. ^nciled ^.^ 
:;en:ra7;'^;Uc^for:a^raT ;:r:.: ^f tl^^Z:::. ^tL .he fr.it ..opens ;,•• which has much to do with its appear- 
ends of the boxes are invariably embellished with a beau- ance and selhng qualities. 



42 



Principles and Practices of Citrus Culture 



THE ATMOSPHERE OF THE MARKET 



SI 



O fruit section in the world has made greater Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Philadelphia Balti- 
effort to exploit and develop a safe and more, etc. The remainder, when sold in eastern mar- 
reliable system for marketing its horticultural kets, is handled by agents of the associations, or by 
products than California, — ways and means that have brokers, or by commission merchants \\;ho sell to 
been the labor of over a quarter of a century's experi- jobbers or to the retail trade. 

mentation. The result is that California fruits are The fruit is graded in the central packing houses 

now recognized in all the great cities of Great inicp twn tn tour u'lades, the grade depending on the 




Scene in the San Dimas orange packing house. 



Britain, the continent of Europe, as well as in this 
country. In this quality has of course been the 
deciding factor, but in addition thereto methods of 
grading, packing, shipping, and salesmanship at 
points of destination, have also been potent considera- 
tions. Reference is here limited to the citrus fruits, 
the annual crop of which is largely marketed through 
co-operative associations of growers, and by individual 
orchardists and corporations that are also growers. 
Probably 90 per cent of the citrus crop is marketed 
in this way. The remainder is sold by packers and 
shippers either f. o. b. cars in California, or in a 
distant market, or it may be sold in lump or per box 
to a dealer in California. About 30 per cent of the 
lemon crop, and some 45 per cent of the orange crop, 
is sold at public auction, the principal auction mar- 
kets being located in Boston, New York, St. Louis, 



texture of the skin, the form and general appearance 
of the fruit. The grades are known as fancy, choice, 
and standard, with occasional intermediary grades 
known as extra choice and extra fancy. Each grade 
of an association or shipper is forwarded under a 
brand or label which in the trade stands for the par- 
ticular grade of that association or shipper. 

The sizes of lemons vary from 180 to 540 per 
box. Few are shipped larger than the 240 or smaller 
than the 490 per box size. The 300 and the 360 per 
box sizes are the most desirable. As a rule the 
southern markets prefer the 360, and the markets 
north and east of Kansas City the 300 per box size 
with a greater or less variation depending on the 
price of fruit in the different markets. 

The sizes of oranges vary much the same way as 
the sizes in lemons, the popular grades being from 



Sfin Dinias (Citrus Nurst'rics, Snn Dimns. Cnl. 



4.^ 




Washing and hand-grading lemons. 



12b to 2'Sl per box sizes. These are taken by the 
best retail, restaurant and hotel consumers. The 
larger sizes often command an extra price from the 
more wealthy class of people, while the smaller sizes 
possess an attraction for the cheaper restaurants and 
the itinerant fruit peddlers who sell from street 
stands and push carts. 

About 75 per cent of the lemon crop is handled 
through the California co-operative institutions. 

It is estimated that about 62 per cent of the orange 
output finds its way to markets through the co- 
operative fruit organizations. The growth of citrus 



culture in California is one of phenomenal propor- 
tions, and has become the foremost horticultural in- 
dustry in the world. From less than 1,000,000 
boxes of citrus fruits produced in 1890 the output of 
California has increased until this year it will be 
approximately 19,000,000 boxes, in carloads about 
46,000, or not far from one carload every ten min- 
utes, day and night, Sundays and all holidays, from 
one year's end to the other. The industry brings to 
California between $30,000,000 and $40,000,000 
gross, and is the greatest asset of any one of Cali- 
fornia's productive resources. 




San Dimas lemon packing house, largest in the world. 



44 



Principles and Practices of Citrus Culture 



OVER-SEAS TRADE FOR TEAGUE TREES 



•JS^SIOOD wine needs no bush," nor do good 
I^J citrus trees require any endorsement other 
'^*^l than their good behavior when planted in 
orchard form. Emphatically is this true of Teague 
orange and lemon trees, which have now stood the 
test of twenty-five years in the groves of California. 
But their fine qualities are not only a feature of this 
region, but also in all the countries wherever citrus 
fruit culture has attained commercial importance. 
The annual output of the San Dimas Citrus Nurs- 
eries varies with the seasons, but is always heavy, 
enabling the prompt filling of any orders from abroad, 
no matter how large. Exports of trees to distant 
over-sea points is perfectly feasible under our expert 
system of packing, boxing and shipping. As an evi- 
dence of this we reproduce here testimony from our 
foreign customers : 

IN FIRST-CLASS CONDITION 
[From A. E. Rudder & Co., Sydney, N. S. \V.] 
"We beg to acknowledge the receipt of your valued favor 
of 10th May, covering advice and documents for one box 
of trees to Mr. R. Hughes, Ermington, per "Sierra," and we 
now have pleasure in advising that this package has been 
safely and promptly delivered to this gentleman in appar- 
ently first-class condition." 



[From J. J. Enschedo, Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa.] 
"The four boxes containing 600 orange trees shipped by 
you on January 26 last arrived at Pretoria on_May 12. I 
am pleased to say that notwithstanding the trees were 106 
days on the road, all arrived in the very best condition and 
I have much praise for the most excellent manner your 
trees were treated and packed, as well as for the construc- 
tion of the boxes. My customer who bought these 600 trees 
from me is much satisfied with them. I hope, when I might 
order more trees from you, to get them in the same perfect 
condition with the same construction of boxes, which added 
a great deal for the success of the shipment. I lately got 
1,100 trees from another firm in U. S., which arrived in a 
most miserable condition, a great deal owing to the very 
bad condition of the boxes." 

THIRTY THOUSAND ARRIVE O. K. 

[From H. E. V. Pickstone, Cecil Rhodes Estate, South 
Africa.] 
"We are pleased to be able to inform you that the 30,000 
rrees arrived in excellent condition. Under these circum- 
stances it is possible we may place another order at an 
early date for 10,000 more trees. Kindly send us small 
yearling trees if possible. The larger trees you consigned 
to us last time make an excessive freight bill. So far as 
the varieties are concerned we wovild like the majority in 
Thomson's Improved Navels, Navelencia, Valencia Late, 
Washington Navel, and send no Lemons." 




Twenty carloads of boxes of oranges direct from the pickers ready for grading and packing. 



Stilt Diinas Citrus A iirscries, San Dinias, Cal. 




kept and profitable Washr 



APPROACHING A HIGH LEVEL 

[From Prof. E. J. VVickson, Professor of Horticulture, Cali- 
fornia State University, Berkeley, Cal.] 
"I am under great obligations to you for sending the copy 
of your handsome catalogue. I am delighted with the style 
and richness of ornamentation, also with the care and con- 
scientiousness with which it has been prepared. I believe 
such publications are exceedingly creditable to California 
and bear evidence that our horticultural literature in com- 
mercial lines is approaching a high level. Such a catalogue 
is worth a place in the library of every citrus fruit grower." 



IN PRIME CUNDITIUN 
[From Yokohama Nursery Co., Yokohama, Japan.] 

"We beg to acknowledge receipt of your favor of March 
5 and one case of orange trees which reached us yesterday, 
in 49 days from the date of your above advice. They are 
in prime condition without a single exception as they stand 
now. This time you have packed the roots securely in the 
same row so the moisture of moss kept away from coming 
into contact with the stems. We believe this method of 
packing is the best for long journey. We thank you for 
your liberal treatment in replacing them free." 




ready for shipme 



46 



Principles and Practices of Citrus Culture 



EN ROUTE MAY TU SEPTEMBER AND GRUWING 
[From A. E. Lowrie, Cliimlwara, C. P., India.] 
"I wrote and told you about the plants I brought out 
with me. (Jut of those I have ten plants coming on, though 
thev have not shown much growth yet, five Navels, three 
Vaiencias and two Improved Thomson Navels. The plants 
reached me on the 1st of September and were put down at 
once. Most of them had sprouted in the box, but the 
sprouts for want of light were pale and after a few hours 
changed color and look quite strong, and though not mak- 
ing as much growth as I should like them to, look healthy. 
Friends to whom I have sliown the plants can hardly credit 
their being in the box from May to September. Duly three 
plants have died outright." 

ARRIVED IN FINE ORDER 
[From Allen Herbert, Honolulu.] 

ived in fine order and have put one- 



■REES ARRIVE ALL RIGHT 



■■The box of trees an 
half of them into Sak 



ubs. Shall probably orde 



[Fr 



Mrs. L. D. rimer, Sa 



Potosi.] 



"Tlie orange trees arrived and I have them planted, they 
looked all right and in good condition. I thank you for 
tlie extra trees, they were beauties and I am glad to have 
them. I think I will have to order another lot from you to 
replace some of the first shipment as a short time after I 
received them, and before they had time to take root or 
gather anv strength, we had the hardest spell of cold 
weather ever experienced in this section, even_ by the oldest 
inhabitant. I enclose check for $+5.00 and expense bills on 
last shipment. This is to cover the expenses which accrued 
on both shipment to this place." 

ENERGETIC AND CLEVER 

[From Steidtmann &: Nagel, Fruit Growers, Hamburg, 

German% ] 

■'Your catalogue on Citrus Tiees commands our attention 

and admiration Man\ thanks for it. We consider your 

firm energetic and cle\er" 




budded to twenty- 



San Diiiins Citrus Xiirseries, San Dimas, Cal. 




ady for shipment 



POMELOS ARE THRIVING BEArTIFlLLV 



ARRIVED IN SPLENDID CONDITION 



[From W. D. Baldwin, M. D., Honolulu, T. H.] 
"Last winter you sent me a shipment of citrus trees. They 
all turned out well except the Valencia Lates. Five out of 
six of these died and the one that lived is not thrifty. The 
other trees, specially the Pomelos, are thriving beautifully. 
They may have been sent at the wrong time of the year for 
the Valencias." 



[From Juan Dalman, Salaverry, Peru.] 
"The three cases of orange trees arrived in splendid con- 
dition. Only thirty of them had the stalks dry; but the 
roots were all right. I enclose cheque, New York, for 
$200.00 to apply on a new order of 100 Washington Navels, 
100 Thomson's Improved Navels, 100 Navelencias. I beg 
of vnu to make the shipment as soon as possible. 




Gold medal awards on Teague trees at three" International Expositions. 



48 



Principles tiiiJ Practices of Citrus Cii/tiir, 



AN APPRECIATION AND A PROMISE 



mT has been said that the man who succeeds, 
does so because possessing the "know how." 
This aphorism apph'es to no business so 
strongly as it does to citrus fruit growing. Ob- 
viously, in its physical aspects it is one of the most 
alluring occupations of suburban life. No one di- 
vision of our horticultural development combines 
utility and beauty in so wide a sense, and no other 
line of fruit growing in the United States can show 
a growth covering so small an area and only a triHe 
over a quarter century old, whose investments rep- 
resent two hundred millions of dollars and an annual 
output of over forty millions gross. To have in 
only a small measure been instrumental in this devel- 
opment is with us a pleasant recollection ; to be con- 
scious of the fact that literally thousands of citrus 
trees now yielding bounteous crops are the products 
of the San Dimas Citrus Nurseries, is to us a satis- 



faction and a joy. So keenly appreciative are we of 
this distinction that it shall ever be our aim to sup- 
ply the citrus fruit growers with the best trees that 
care, skill, experience and our natural advantages of 
soil and climate can possibly be made to produce. 
Our interests and ambitions are to serve all directly 
interested in citrus fruit farming, not only in the 
establishment of new groves, but also in the mainten- 
ance of those already in bearing. In this connection, 
we are always willing to lend the iielping iiand in 
the way of suggestion and consultation, realizing that 
that which is to the interest of the grower has a 
direct bearing on the future of our nursery business. 
The success of citrus fruit production and marketing 
is of as much concern to us as the production of 
citrus trees; hence, we shall always appreciate the 
opportunity to render assistance to those who are part 
and parcel of its personnel and success. 



TOPICAL INDEX 



Quality Citrus Trees 3 

Importance of an Industry 5 

Nurserv Tree to Orchard 9 

Call of Soil and Tree 14 

Suggestions to Planters Ig 

Tried and Approved \'arieties 20 

ORANGES 

Bouquet des Fleurs 25 

Dancy Tangerine 23 

Golden Buckeye Navel 21 

Golden Nugget Navel 21 

Golden Variegated 25 

Kii Seedless 24 

King Mandarin 24 

Xi'mquat 25 

Mediterranean Sweet 22 

Navelencia 22 

Oonshiu 24 

Paper Rind St. Michael 22 

Ruby Blood 23 

Satsuma 24 

Thomson Navel 21 

Valencia Late . 20 

Washington Navel 20 

Willow-Leaved Mandarin 24 

Sweet Seville 23 



LEMONS 

Eureka 25 

Lisbon 26 

Villa Franca 26 

Variegated 26 

POMELOS 

Marsh Seedless 27 

Imperial 27 

Sampson Tangelo 28 

Triumph 28 

LIMES 

Mexican 26 

Tahiti 27 

Citron of Commerce 28 

Irrigating the Citrus Orchard 29 

Good Fruit and Soil Fertility 31 

Pruning the Orange Tree 33 

Pruning the Lemon Tree 34 

Grade, Pack and Box 35 

Atmosphere of the Market 42 

Over-Seas Trade in Teague Trees 44 

An Appreciation and a Promise 48 




San Dimas 
Citrus Nurseries 

San Dimas, California 



THE BOSS 
TREE PROTECTOR 

PATENT APPLIED FOR 

SOMETHING NEW 

MADE OF THE YUCCA PALM 

COLOR, LIGHT 

A Perfect Protection against Rabbits, 

Grasshoppers, Borers, Heat of 

the Sun and Frost 



It is quicker to put on tliari any other Tree Protec- 
tion in the Market. No strings to Tie. Reaih' for 
Immediate Use. Is open grained and Allows Free 
Circulation of Air. Can be Readily Taken off to 
Spray the Trees. Not affected by Rain. Clica/^. 
iliirahit' and Guaranteed /o aive satisfaction. 









Extra per inch 




per 


Weight 


f 


ar additional 


Vidth 


1000 


per 100 




idth to order 


7 in. 


$21.00 


22 !bs. 


$3.00 


per inch per 1000 




IS. 00 


18 " 


2.55 




7 " 


15.00 


13 " 


2.15 


" 




13.50 


12 " 


1.95 


" " 




12.00 


10 '■ 


1.75 


" 




11.00 
1 0.00 


9 •• 


1.60 
1.45 





LIBRfiRY OF CONGRESS 



000 917 777 2 

THE SAN DIMAS CITRUS NURSERIES 



FOUNDED IN 1889 BY R. M. TEAGUE 



THE HOME OF "QUALITY" CITRUS TREES 



TEAGUE CITRUS TREES "^^^ ^^^" awarded the Gold Medal at the Saint Louis 

World's Fair, the Buffalo Pan-American Exposition, the 

Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition, and the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition. Wherever known 
they stand supreme for quality and quantity yield of fruit. Twenty-five years experience growing trees. 




